Fact Sheets

December 23, 2025 | Fact Sheets, Novel Psychoactive Substances, Substance Misuse, Synthetic Drugs

The Legislative Analysis and Public Policy Association (LAPPA) is monitoring the emergence of novel psychoactive substances (NPS) appearing on the illicit drug market in the United States. The term “novel” does not denote a new, never-before-seen substance but rather a substance that is newly available in the drug market. This fact sheet, an UPDATE to the third in a series highlighting these potentially dangerous drugs, examines tianeptine, an unapproved drug commonly sold in gas stations and on the internet as a dietary supplement and causes opioid-like withdrawals....

December 22, 2025 | Controlled Substances Act, Fact Sheets, Hemp

On November 12, 2025, President Trump signed the Continuing Appropriations and Extensions Act of 2026 (Extensions Act), a funding package which in part, closed what lawmakers have referred to as the “hemp loophole” created by the 2018 Farm Bill. By narrowing the federal definition of hemp and identifying specific exclusions to the definition, the supporters of this measure believe that the change will protect public health. The hemp industry, however, is concerned that the change will destroy their operations. With the change to the federal hemp definition set to go into effect on November 12, 2026, various stakeholders are now attempting to find a common ground solution to the issue that addresses both public health concerns around hemp and hemp-derived products and the business concerns of the hemp industry....

December 22, 2025 | Controlled Substances Act, Fact Sheets, Psychedelics, Substance Misuse

Psilocybin is a chemical compound produced by more than 100 species of mushrooms, many of which belong to the genus Psilocybe, found growing around the world. Various indigenous cultures have consumed psilocybin-containing mushrooms for medical purposes and as part of spiritual ceremonies for thousands of years. In 1970, Congress enacted the Controlled Substances Act (CSA) and categorized psilocybin and other psychedelic substances as Schedule I controlled substances, which effectively stopped the research into the therapeutic effects of psilocybin for several decades. Today, psilocybin remains a Schedule I controlled substance at the federal level and it is also classified as a Schedule I controlled substance in 47 states and the District of Columbia. Despite the continued challenges of researching Schedule I controlled substances, the 21st century has brought forth a renewed interest in investigating the therapeutic potential of psilocybin....

December 16, 2025 | Criminal Justice, Data Collection, Fact Sheets, Law Enforcement, Public Safety

Automatic license plate recognition systems (ALPRs) are camera systems that capture license plate data of vehicles and are available in fixed, mobile, and portable applications. ALPR systems automatically capture images or videos of all vehicles that pass the camera if the system algorithm detects what it determines to be a license plate. A computer algorithm then converts the image or video into readable-data, that includes the license plate number and any additional information that the system is set up to detect. This data can then be used by law enforcement for a variety of investigative purposes....

August 28, 2025 | Controlled Substances, Criminal Justice, Fact Sheets, Harm Reduction, Medication Assisted Treatment (MAT), Opioids, Recovery, Substance Misuse, Treatments

Through the use of medications for addiction treatment (MAT), an individual’s substance use, withdrawal symptoms, and the physiological and psychological cravings can be controlled, enabling the person to begin treatment while in a correctional facility and be released as a person in, or on his or her way to, recovery. Research shows that that the use of MAT for Opioid Use Disorder in correctional settings is a cost-effective and life-saving intervention....

July 30, 2025 | Cannabidiol (CBD), Controlled Substances, Fact Sheets, Marijuana, Prescription Drugs, Substance Misuse, Synthetic Drugs

In this fact sheet, LAPPA examines the features of the Snapchat app that can facilitate online drug transactions, the theory and progression of a major lawsuit against Snap brought by parents of overdose victims, and other recent legal and legislative actions taken against Snap for its alleged role in online drug sales....

April 16, 2025 | Controlled Substances, Fact Sheets, Prescription Drugs, Public Safety, Substance Misuse

This fact sheet provides updated information (as of April 2025) on the issue of drug diversion in health care settings. Drug diversion is defined as any criminal act or deviation that removes a prescription drug from its intended path from the manufacturer to the patient, and while the act of diversion can occur in a variety of settings and be committed by anyone, it is particularly likely to occur in healthcare settings by healthcare workers due to the ease in which they can access prescription drugs. Drug diversion in health care is a serious issue that can result in patient harm, financial loss to the healthcare entity, and civil and criminal litigation based on the perpetrator’s actions....

April 7, 2025 | Controlled Substances, Fact Sheets, Substance Misuse

In this fact sheet the Legislative Analysis and Public Policy Association (LAPPA) details the effects of the substance ibogaine in humans, discusses its regulation on the state and federal level, and highlights research being conducted relative to renewed interest in the substance....